My Raspberry Pi 4 loses all USB ports after installing a PCIe SSD adapter — any way to fix this without reflashing?

I recently got a Raspberry Pi 4 to use as a lightweight home server. To speed up storage, I bought a PCIe SSD adapter that connects via the Pi’s USB 3.0 ports (with a custom ribbon cable). After installing the SSD and adapter, the Pi boots fine, but *all* USB ports stop working shortly after boot - keyboard, mouse, even the USB Ethernet adapter I use. I’ve tried updating the firmware and kernel, plus disabling USB autosuspend, but no luck. The Pi is running Raspberry Pi OS Lite, fully updated. I really want to avoid reflashing the SD card or rebuilding everything from scratch since I have a lot of custom configs and scripts set up. Has anyone encountered similar issues with PCIe SSD adapters on Pi 4? Is there a way to debug or fix USB enumeration problems like this without wiping the OS? Could it be a power draw problem or a kernel module conflict? Any tips on how to safely regain USB functionality while using this kind of adapter would be awesome!